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Association of American Medical Colleges. Guidelines for Dealing with Faculty Conflicts of Commitment and Conflicts of Interest in Research, Washington, DC: AAMC, 1990. (PDF)

 

National Institutes of Health. “Objectivity in Research,” Federal Register 60, 132 (1995): 35809-35819. (Link)

 

National Science Foundation. “Investigator Financial Disclosure Policy,” Federal Register 60, 132 (1995): 35820. (Link)

 

US Congress. 105th Congress. First Session. Federal Advisory Committee Act Amendments of 1997, PL 105-153 (1997). (Link)

 

Office of Management and Budget. Circular A-21, Washington, DC: OMB, 2000. (Link)

 

Association of American Universities. Report on Individual and Institutional Financial Conflict of Interest, Washington, DC: AAU, 2001. (PDF)

 

Food and Drug Administration. Guidance: Financial Disclosure by Clinical Investigators, Washington, DC: FDA, 2001. (Link)

 

Office for Human Research Protections. Public Health Service. 2004 Final Guidance: Financial Relationships and Interests in Research Involving Human Subjects: Guidance for Human Subject Protections, Washington, DC: OHRP, 2001. (PDF)

 

Association of American Medical Colleges. Task Force on Financial Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress II: Principles and Recommendations for Oversight of an Institution’s Financial Interests in Human Subjects Research, Washington, DC: AAMC, 2002. (PDF)

 

Council on Government Relations. Recognizing and Managing Personal Conflicts of Interest, Washington, DC: COGR, 2002. (PDF)

 

Drazen, JM, Curfman, GD. “Financial Associations of Authors,” The New England Journal of Medicine 346, 24 (2002): 1901-1902. (Link)

 

Institute of Medicine. National Academies of Science. Study Conduct: Bias and Conflict of Interest, Washington, DC: IOM, nd.(Link)

 

 

Association of American Universities. Conflict of Interest and Misconduct, nd. (Link)

 

Association of University Technology Managers. Home Page, nd. (Link)

 

National Institutes of Health. Office of Extramural Research. Conflict of Interest, nd. (Link)

 

 

Boyd, EA, Bero, LA. “Assessing Faculty Financial Relationships With Industry: A Case Study,” Journal of the American Medical Association 284 (2000): 2209-2214.

 

Campbell, TID. “Understanding the Potential for Misconduct in University-industry Relationships: An Empirical Study.” In Perspectives on Scholarly Misconduct in the Sciences, edited by John M. Braxton, 259-282. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999.

 

Cho, MK, Shohara, R, Schissel, A, Rennie, D. “Policies on Faculty Conflicts of Interest at US Universities,” Journal of the American Medical Association 284 (2000): 2203-2208.

 

Jefferson, T, Smith, R, Yee, Y, Drummond, M, Pratt, M, Gale, R. “Evaluating the BMJ Guidelines for Economic Submissions: Prospective Audit of Economic Submissions to BMJ and The Lancet,” Journal of the American Medical Association 280, 3 (1998): 275-277.

 

National Institutes of Health. Financial Conflict of Interest and Research Objectivity: Issues for Investigators and Institutional Review Boards, Washington, DC: NIH, 2000. (Link)

 

Shamoo, AE. “Role of Conflict of Interest in Scientific Objectivity: A Case of a Nobel Prize Work,” Accountability in Research 2, 1 (1992): 55-75.

 

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee. Federal Response to Misconduct in Science, Are Conflicts of Interest Hazardous to our Health?: Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, September 29, 1988, Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.