<< Previous Section | < Previous Page | Next Page > | Next Section >> Bibliogrphy (page 2 of 10) Block, S. (2002). "A Not-So-Cheap Stunt." Science 297(5582): 769-70.       This brief paper describes the de novo synthesis of the polio virus, an exercise in the creation of life from precursors. The article generated considerable concern as a potential blueprint for terrorists and raised questions about the social responsibility of scientists regarding publishing material that could be misused in that way. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5582/769b Bloom, F. (1995). "Scientific conduct: contrasts on a gray scale." Science 268(5218): 1679.       Intense competition for funding and commercial influences on science have made it more difficult for scientists to live up to ethical standards. This is especially true when subtle ethical choices are involved such as deciding whose name will be listed first on a research report. Blumenthal, D., E. G. Campbell, et al. (1997). "Withholding research results in academic life science. Evidence from a national survey of faculty." JAMA 277(15): 1224-1228.       This empirical study of scientists' behavior and the consequences for the progress of science focuses attention on secrecy as a mechanism of enhancing a laboratory's relative position and its consequences for society as a whole. A good study. Bramstedt, K. and K. Kassimatis (2004). "A study of warning letters issued to institutional review boards by the United States Food and Drug Administration." Clin Invest Med 27(6): 316-23.       The author analyzed FDA warning letters to IRBs and found that the most common cause of a letter was failure to follow written procedures as to monitoring research after it was initiated. Brody, J., D. Scherer, et al. (2003). "Voluntary assent in biomedical research with adolescents: a comparison of parent and adolescent views." Ethics and Behavior 13(1): 79-95.      This study tests the relationship between perception of risk/aversion between adolescents with asthma and their parents in relation to an asthma protocol set to test agreement. There was about 75% concordance between the two and each felt that they were in control. Brown, S. K., M. (1998). "Effects of Training in the Responsible Conduct of Research: A Survey of Graduate Students in Experimental Sciences." Sci Eng Ethics 4(4): 487-498.       Do all these courses have an impact? And what is it? Tune in and see. Campbell, E. G., B. R. Clarridge, et al. (2002). "Data Withholding in Academic Genetics: Evidence From a National Survey." JAMA 287(4): 473-480.       The free and open sharing of information, data, and materials regarding published research is vital to the replication of published results, the efficient advancement of science, and the education of students. Yet in daily practice, the ideal of free sharing is often breached. The authors mailed a survey to geneticists and other life scientists in the 100 US universities that received the most funding from the National Institutes of Health in 1998 with a response rate of 64%. They compared 1240 geneticists with 600 self-identified nongeneticists. There was substantial withholding of data even after publication and loss of scientific efficiency. Those who withheld had various reasons including further need to publish from the data and lack of resources to comply with requests. This illustrates the weakness of collegiality as a value in certain areas of modern science. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/287/4/473 Caplan, A. (2003). "Is Biomedical Research Too Dangerous to Pursue?" Science 303: 1142.       After the problems, often serious associated with biomedical research, the author concludes that it is worthwhile after all. Whew! The arguments in this brief paper are worth a read. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/303/5661/1142 Chalmers, D. P., P. (1998). "Towards a Consensual Culture in the Ethical Review of Research." Medical Journal of Australia 168(2): 79-82.       The authors point out that research rules commonly follow some kind of ethical crisis and that this may not be the best way to develop and maintain regulations. They suggest an alternative method derived from the notion of consent of the governed. They also deplore the propensity of review organizations to increase the standards and therefore continually make it harder for investigators. As Australians they use Australia as the example. << Previous Section | < Previous Page | Next Page > | Next Section >> Chapter 1 Quick Links The Ethical Basis of RCRH The Nature of Science Research Integrity Professionalism in Science Practical Elements of Responsible Research Conduct Cases Bibliography Chapter 1 Download (PDF)