<< Previous Section | < Previous Page | Next Page > | Next Section >> The Nature of Science Science can be thought of as the system of reasoning and communication that has, from the beginning provided our species with increasing control over its environment. Science is derived from the practical knowledge of craftsmanship that has been transferred within and between generations from prehistory. In the last 400 years scientific knowledge has distinguished itself by being observation-driven, cumulative and always tentative. Even its most hallowed theories remain in thrall to the next set of experiments for confirmation or denial. In the past hundred years, the sophistication of experiment and analysis has grown astonishingly deep so that only relatively small numbers of experts really understand the bases for far-reaching explanations of nature including cosmology, quantum mechanics, molecular structure, cellular systems and evolution. We benefit by that sophistication in every electronic gadget we employ, in every recombinant molecule with which we are treated, in new structural materials for medicine and everyday life, in improved weather prediction capacity, and in more efficient and pleasant housing and environs. We know that science works because technology works. We know that evolution is true because of its great explanatory power in all biological fields. The general public remains puzzled by the conditional reasoning and probabilistic thinking that underlie the power of science. Nevertheless, research studies have come underlie legislation, nutritional recommendations environmental assessments and understanding of diesease. To the extent that studies are done scientifically and marketed honestly, they contribute greatly to the general lawfulness and openness to change that characterizes Western Society. Societal dependence on science conveys on scientists a great ethical responsibility to conduct research with integrity. Improving research integrity was the charge of a NAS commission and the following paraphrases parts of the report ( ). << Previous Section | < Previous Page | Next Page > | Next Section >> Chapter 1 Quick Links The Ethical Basis of RCRH The Nature of Science Research Integrity Professionalism in Science Practical Elements of Responsible Research Conduct Cases Bibliography Chapter 1 Download (PDF)