ORI found that William M. Armstead, Ph.D., who was a Research Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, UPENN, engaged in research misconduct in research supported by U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) funds, specifically National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH. The research was included in grant applications for PHS funds submitted to NINDS, NIH, and to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH.